Anish Kapoor Sculpture

Anish Kapoor

Celebrated for his gigantic, stainless steel Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago’s Millennium Park, Anish Kapoor is changing the cultural environment with his public works.

1.Research Kapoor's work in order to discuss whether it is conceptual art or not. Explain your answer, using a definition of conceptual art.

Conceptual art is, "art that is intended to convey an idea or concept to the perceiver and need not involve the creation or appreciation of a traditional art object such as a painting or sculpture." (The Free Dictionary, 2011). Conceptual artists dont really limit their approach to art to just paintings and sculpture, but they try to think out of the ordinary and explore different medias to make their pieces work.They'll use any materials and try to make it work.


2. Research 3 quite different works by Kapoor from countries outside New Zealand to discuss the ideas behind the work. Include images of each work on your blog.

Anish Kapoor
Tall Tree & the Eye, 2009
Stainless steel and carbon steel
14 x 6 m
Courtesy the artist
Installation: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, 2010
This sculpture is nearly or is 15 meters, It is an awkwardly composed artwork, with polished mirrors in spheres that really capture the audience, the scale, and the complex composition makes it quite an abstract work and very appealing aesthetically. Each sphere mirrors whatever passes by and it looks as if it multiplys the image through each other..Such is the effect of a brilliant mind. This unique and cleverly executed design needed innovative ,engineering design and precision manufacturing . I think the work and ideas that went into this design are amazing, the idea to reflect each sphere from each other, to creat multiple image reflections, not randomly but cleverly/thoughtfully. I like this work as it is very interesting and looks more approachable than his other works.


Anish Kapoor
Shooting into the Corner, 2008/2009

"Shooting into the Corner" consists of a cannon developed by Kapoor together with a team of engineers. A pneumatic compressor shoots 11-kilogram balls of wax into the corner across the room; all in all, 20 tons of wax will be "fired away" throughout the exhibition run. Loud aggression on the one hand and silent growth on the other give the piece tension, sensuality, and compelling power.( http://www.e-flux.com/shows/view/6532) He has thought a lot more about the feelings of the audience during and after the shooting. The atmosphere in the room at that time.

Anish Kapoor, Past, Present, Future, 2006,

Anish Kapoor: Past, Present, Future assembles 13 works made since 1980, a period in which Kapoor’s sculptures and installations have grown increasingly ambitious and complex. The first U.S. museum survey of Kapoor’s art in more than 15 years, and the first ever to be seen on the East Coast, the exhibition premieres a new resin sculpture and features many pieces on view for the first time in this country.(http://www.minusspace.com/2008/05/anish-kapoor-past-present-future-boston-institute) Kapoor's decision to place the work in a white/negative space makes the piece work and much more visible. Its what youd be able to see from far away. Large in scale and the colour red - used in most of his works, makes it more dominant.

3.Discuss the large scale 'site specific' work that has been installed on a private site in New Zealand.

4. Where is the Kapoor's work in New Zealand? What are its form and materials? What are the ideas behind the work?

It is in 'The farm', or 'Specified Site', located in Kaipara, North of Auckland. Its was made of PVC coated polyester, red, by ferrari textiles. It was designed to withstand the high winds from the north west coast off the north island.

5. Comment on which work by Kapoor is your favourite, and explain why. Are you personally attracted more by the ideas or the aesthetics of the work?

The Shooting cannon is my fav. I chose it over the tall tree and eye because of the different experience it brings rather than just a reflection of yourself. Imagine being indoors with a shooting cannon firing colourful ammo on a white surface, Id enjoy a lot, and then of course the aftermath will be interesting too.I love the aesthetics and the whole composition of the design, negative space really brought it out.

Youtube has some excellent footage on Kapoor-take a look at Anish Kapoor at the Royal Academy.

www.royalacademy.org.uk ›
http://www.robgarrettcfa.com/thefarm.htm
http://www.billslater.com/cloudgate/

REFERENCES LIST:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Gate
http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/iP_GLtGbob8/Anish+Kapoor+Uses+Wax+Canon+Create+Latest
http://www.e-flux.com/shows/view/6532
http://www.terminartors.com/artistprofile/Kapoor_Anish
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish_Kapoor
http://www.robgarrettcfa.com/thefarm.htm
http://fabricarchitecturemag.com/articles/0110_sk_sculpture.html
http://www.desiblitz.com/content/anish-kapoor-at-the-riba

Pluralism and the Treaty of Waitangi

Use this discussion, the notes in your ALVC book and the internet to respond to the following
questions;

1. Define the term 'pluralism' using APA referencing.

"A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious, or cultural groups are present and tolerated within a society." Pluralism. (retrieved 30 August, 2011). http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pluralism

2. How would you describe New Zealand's current dominant culture?

I think there isnt a dominant culture in New Zealand, I think every culture is equal. New Zealand is very diverse in this area, a multi cultural country. We have immigrants from all over the world. Although the lifestyle we live in NZ is more westernised, coming from Europeans/pakeha.So, I think others may view NZ culture based on European lifestyle. Making them believe that NZ is dominated by the european culture. Maori culture would be considered a dominant culture if I had to view it like that. It represents pacific islanders too . The fact that NZ have a mixture of cultures helps me to understand why our country is so diverse.

3. Before 1840, what was New Zealand's dominant culture?

The Maori culture was dominant before 1840 around the time when the Treaty of Waitangi was signed. When the Europeans had arrived.

4. How does the Treaty of Waitangi relate to us all as artists and designers working

in New Zealand?

The Treaty relates to us as artists in many ways.We are all Kiwis, without the treaty we would'nt be at the stage we are at now. We use the history of our people to generate idea's for our artworks. We are constantly reminded of the importance of culture and how we apply it to our lives. Embracing the history of NZ including the treaty can help artists n the creativity process they need to produce great NZ made work. Which nowadays many people will appreciate and buy because its "NZ made".We should try to keep Maori tradition/tagata whenua, culture in the picture too because of the significance it has over the history of NZ. It gives us something to work from and makes us more unique because of our multicultural country, made possible from the events that took place with the treaty of waitagi years ago.

5. How can globalization be seen as having a negative effect on regional diversity in New Zealand in particular?

In a country like New Zealand, small and loyal to our roots, globalization can be a threat to our culture/s. There is the threat of slowly losing grip of our roots/ the Maori history that has helped to make New Zealand globally known.Because of the new technologies introduced and slowly replacing our lifestyle or altering what we've gained through historical events.

6. Shane Cotton's paintings are said to examine the cultural landscape. Research Cotton's work 'Welcome'(2004) and 'Forked Tongue' (2011) to analyze what he is saying about colonialization and the Treaty of Waitangi.

Primary Artist

Shane COTTON (1964 - )

Title

Welcome.

Date made

2004

Technique

lithograph, printed in black ink, from one stone

Matrix Size

45.4 x 55.0 cm (printed image)

Shane Cotton, New Work

Michael Lett Gallery, Auckland
Until July 31 2010

Shane Cotton is a New Zealand artist, who is maori/pakeha. He tries to paint two cultures, Maori and Pakeha/European and the experiences theyve shared over time in New Zealand. "Cotton’s work has addressed historical contact and the way in which the process of painting effects change by re-presenting figures and symbols from the past." (Flight Paths, 2007). Cotton hs been through "transitional cultural episodes" where Maori people had first been introduced to Europeans and the new technology they had to offer. Cotton elaborates about time changing in the cultural landscape, "historical instances of “flux, change, adaptation and alteration” (Flight Paths, 2007)

7. Tony Albert's installation 'Sorry' (2008) reflect the effects of colonization on the aboriginal people of Australia. Research the work and comment on what Albert is communicating through his work, and what he is referring to. Describe the materials that Albert uses on this installation and say what he hopes his work can achieve. Define the term 'kitsch'.

Tony Albert | Sorry 2008 | Found kitsch objects applied to vinyl letters | 99 objects: 200 x 510 x

The artwork "Sorry" is a commemoration/apology made by Kevin Rudd, the former Prime Minister of Australia, to the indigenous Australians (Aboriginies/Aboriginal People) who have suffered from 'past mistreatment' by the Australian Goverment. Albert kept in mind the life of the abo's or aboriginies and pays respect to the indigenous Australians and reminds people of and emphasises Kevin Rudd's apology. This apology was made on the 13th of february 2008.
'Kitsch" objects are mass produced meaning not much sentimental worth and value, its either an identical work of art to a very popular piece of art that isnt worth much, these were used in his work "sorry", 99 kitsch objects applied to vinyl letters 200 x 510 x 10 cm installed. Tony Albert used items that were very siginificant to him because they were personal items that represented his close family and culture, display iconography that everybody can see. empowering the aboriginies. This five letter word meant a lot that day, having alberts work emphasise that point with depth and bringing in himself personally assisted the audience towards admiring the work even more.

8. Explain how the work of both artists relates to pluralism.

Each artist displays the different cultures but unites them at the same time. Each artist didnt worry much about religion etc but showed the transitions of culture, therefore displaying pluralism. although I do think both the artist's works relate to pluralism through the concepts of culture through the aboriginal, or indigineous people of their countries and not just the dominant cultures. They both refer to history of their culture and how its still evident today.

REFERENCES LIST:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pluralism
http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/work/52293/shane-cotton-welcome.aspx
http://eyecontactsite.com/2010/07/pondering-the-marks-and-symbols-of-shane-cotton
http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/shane-cotton-paintings-examine-cultural-landscape-126412
http://21cblog.com/tony-albert-sorry-2008/

Kehinde Wiley and inter-textuality

This weeks ALVC class focuses on the Postmodern theme "INTERTEXTUALITY", re-read Extract 1 The death of the author on page 39 of your ALVC books and respond to the oil paintings of Kehinde Wiley.

1. Find a clear definition of Intertextuality and quote it accurately on your blog using the APA referencing system. Use your own words to explain the definition more thoroughly.

"the whole network of relations, conventions, and expectations by which the text is defined; the relationship between texts"
-Dictionary, (n.d.), retrieved August 29 2011, from
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/intertextuality

Intertexuality is when sombody views an artwork and then they compare/ relate it to something they are more familiar with or something close to home and then understand it alot more because of the knowledge you have of that particular thing/place that your familiar with. Many artists are used to this way of understanding art and many people realise that new artists have the same understanding of past art as we do in present art.

2. Research Wiley's work and write a paragraph that analyzes how we might make sense of his work. Identify intertextuality in Wiley's work.


Above: © Kehinde Wiley: Notorious B.I.G., 2005, Oil on canvas, 6 x 8 feet




Three Graces
Kehinde Wiley, 2005
Oil and enamel on canvas
182.9 x 423.8 cm (72 x 96 in)
Hort Family Collection, courtesy Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles, California
© Kehinde Wiley

Ice T Kehinde Wiley, 2005 Oil on canvas 243.8 x 182.9 cm (96 x 72 in) Private collection, courtesy Rhona Hoffman Gallery

2. 2. Wileys work is mostly photographs of African American men that he sights on the streets and then edits the photos to the point where theyre to be viewed as a higher being/heroic/super.He constantly attempts to portray the idea of anatomy and mascularity of men through his paintings. Wiley tries to put young black men in the spotlight Intertextuality is present in his work in terms of the racial feud /history between blacks and whites. Immediately Im reminded of the historic seperated society when the“white”people were in high positions as opposed to the “black people.” The time when “black people” were mistreated and enslaved .I find wileys photographs of african american men dressed in this apparel make us think more deeply about whether we could class those men as what we think of them on the outside .. "Gangster, Thug"...This intertwines with the historic side of african americans because judgement is the main factor altering our mindset and how we see things.

3. Wiley's work relates to next weeks Postmodern theme "PLURALISM" . Read page 46 and discuss how the work relates to this theme.

. Wiley’s work relates to pluralism because he reminds us that men from a cultural background other than European are just as equal. They are equal in everyway. The post-modern belief is that we are all equal. There is no cultural barriers in the post-modern world. Wiley is one of the “visual communicators [who] critically integrate concepts of pluralism” into their artworks to get this message across. Which he portrays in his work accurately.

4. Comment on how Wiley's work raises questions around social/cultural hierarchies , colonisation, globalisation, stereotypes and the politics which govern a western worldview.


Wiley's work aims at social and cultural people. The judging others by the colour of their skin and how the 'white' man is the most powerful being on earth. Having the Black man around is the lowest standard in the human chain. He attempts to clearly portray his messages through his artwork/photographs. He shows that the colour of your skin doesnt matter, that you dont have to be 'white' to have a high paid job or get more respect, you dont need to be 'white' to be able to be a CEO or etc. He confronts and defies all stereotypical people and forces them to realise that the world we are in now dosent revolve around judgement of the colour of your skin but by who you are as a person inside. The world is multi-cultural and there are not just black and whites in the world we have pacific islanders,indians,asians, arabic people and alot more, even combined cultures . Wiley's work is a great example of unity and ending racism. A reinforcement to the great Martin Luthor King's speeches.

5. Add some reflective comments of your own, which may add more information that
you have read during your research.

I admire Wiley's work as it enhances and emphasises the cultures of the world, his work may consist of only black males but the message is deep and alot more meaningful to everybody.We learn to appreacate the black community and race. His artwork in general is very post modern to me because of he colours hes used, bright colourful. His work captures the audience, making them think more about judgement race, deep about lifes choices. His ideas and concepts are straightforward and strong.

REFERENCES LIST:
http://www.npg.si.edu/exhibit/recognize/paintings.html
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/intertextuality
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehinde_Wiley
http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/kehinde-wiley/

Hussein Chalayan

Chalayan is an artist and designer, working in film, dress and installation art. Research Chalayan’s work, and then consider these questions in some thoughtful reflective writing.

1. Chalayan’s works in clothing, like Afterwords (2000) and Burka (1996) , are often challenging to both the viewer and the wearer. What are your personal responses to these works? Are Afterwords and Burka fashion, or are they art? What is the difference?

Not all clothing is fashion, so what makes fashion fashion?

I believe that the both, Afterwords (2000) and Burka (1996), represent art rather then fashion. Fashion is more of a designed piece of clothing or something that would be wearable or have more style and use for people. In these works of art it shows images of either nude or topless models. This usually wouldnt feature on a runway show or in a magazine collection as it is revealing and more of a form of art. Art is very expressive and can be in any form. Successful art works capture the audience no matter what is going on in the art work itself. The fashion industry is a bit more reserved, although there are possibly topless or half naked models going down the runway, it wouldnt be as revealing as going fully nude .

2. Chalayan has strong links to industry. Pieces like The Level Tunnel (2006) and Repose (2006) are made in collaboration with, and paid for by, commercial business; in these cases, a vodka company and a crystal manufacturer. How does this impact on the nature of Chalayan’s work? Does the meaning of art change when it is used to sell products? Is it still art?

To me, Art could be anything, So honestly I dont think it changes because of advertising purposes. Art and advertisement material have similarities as in how they are viewed. Many would look at art the same as how they look at advertising 'The Level Tunnel' enhances the viewers experience by making them feel as if theyre in the art and how it became what it is, and can experience the meaning or message of the advert. This work combines two different genres of art and advertisement, and giving the viewer a treat or a full experience. Viewers and consumers can see how its very different to other advertisements.

3. Chalayan’s film Absent Presence screened at the 2005 Venice Biennale. It features the process of caring for worn clothes, and retrieving and analysing the traces of the wearer, in the form of DNA. This work has been influenced by many different art movements; can you think of some, and in what ways they might have inspired Chalayan’s approach?

Post modernism, art can be something Chalayan mightve been influenced by. The film he created shows post modernity and shows new ways of collecting DNA and collecting research which is compeltely different. Chalayan brings in more technology into his art and society and diplays how technology/machines are making life easier.
4. Many of Chalayan’s pieces are physically designed and constructed by someone else; for example, sculptor Lone Sigurdsson made some works from Chalayan’s Echoform (1999) and Before Minus Now (2000) fashion ranges. In fashion design this is standard practice, but in art it remains unexpected. Work by artists such as Jackson Pollock hold their value in the fact that he personally made the painting. Contrastingly, Andy Warhol’s pop art was largely produced in a New York collective called The Factory, and many of his silk-screened works were produced by assistants. Contemporarily, Damien Hirst doesn’t personally build his vitrines or preserve the sharks himself. So when and why is it important that the artist personally made the piece?

To me I think art is all about originality, ownership , resposibility etc To me an artist involves themselves into their works, designing and creating their own artwork from start to finish. When an artist creates new artwork it should represent who they are personally and shows their emotions or talent they possess and what work they are capable of making. Nowadays there are many who are just copying other designs that already have been taken and put their own twist to it i dont think its a big issue but some people may have issues with it something someone else did, the original will be noticed alot more.Obviously.

REFERENCES LIST:
http://www.husseinchalayan.com/#/home/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan

Post modernism, Ai Weiwei and Banksy

1. Define Post-Modernism using 8-10 bullet points that include short quotes.

The Period in which we now live in is known as the 'Post-Modern'era.

"Postmodernism respects ‘process’ and ‘becoming,’ preferring openness, transparency, and the unbounded." (Witcombe, 2001)

"Postmodernists do not attempt to refine their thoughts about what is right or wrong, true or false, good or evil." (‘Postmodernism –What is Truth?” 2002-11)

Postmodernism can be broken down into the terms post and modernism meaning after the modern period. (Saugstad, 2001)

It is a “rejection of the tenets of modernism; that is to say, a rejection of the doctrine of the supremacy of reason, the notion of truth, the belief in the perfectibility of man and the idea that he could be better, if not perfect in society.” (Witcombe, 2000)

"Postmodernism partakes of certainty, insecurity, doubt and accepts ambiguity." (witcombe, 2001)

"The period in which we now live is often called "postmodernism" (Saugstad, 2001)

"Postmodernism will appear similar to what is also called ‘New Age’ thinking." (Witcombe, 2001

"Postmodernism "seeks to revise Modernism’s premises and traditional concepts" (Witcombe, 2001)


2. Use a quote by Witcombe (2000) to define the Post-Modern artist.

“the post-modern artist is ‘reflective ‘ in that he/she is self-aware and consciously involved in a process of thinking about him/herself and society in a deconstructive manner, ‘damasking’ pretensions, becoming aware of his/her cultural self in history, and accelerating the process of self-consciousness.”

3. Use the grid on pages 42 and 43 to summarize the list of the features of Post-
Modernity.

Looking at the grid, I find that there isnt just one category that gives answers to what post modernity is, I think that there is a vast range of concepts or features . Post-modernity concepts/features seem to have come out of the idea's based around Modernism . The Artists looked to have focused on the experimenting and play on images . Adapting to new technologies . Anyways, Hyper-reality represents power over the 'real' and which can be explored in different ways of media, thought and art . Anything can be considered as art, because of the new concepts or movements that arised from the modernism/ post modernity period.

4. Use this summary to answer the next two questions.

5. Research Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's 'Han Dynasty Urn with Coca-Cola logo'(1994)
in order to say what features of the work are Post-Modern.

Ai Weiwei (born 18 May 1957) is a Chinese artist and political activist, who is also active in architecture, curating, photography, film, and social and cultural criticism.^[1][2] Ai collaborated with Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron as the artistic consultant on the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Olympics.^[3] As a political activist, he has been highly and openly critical of the Chinese Government's stance on democracy and human rights. He has investigated government corruption and cover-ups, in particular the Sichuan schools corruption scandal following the collapse of so-called "tofu-skin schools" in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.^[4] In 2011, following his arrest at Beijing airport on 3 April, he was held for over two months without any official charges being filed; officials alluded to their allegations of "economic crimes" (tax evasion).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Weiwei


'Han Dynasty Urn with Coca-Cola logo'(1994), Ai Weiwei



Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn, 1995

6. Research British artist Banksy's street art, and analyze the following two works by the artist
to discuss how each work can be defined at Post-Modern.(Use your list from point 6.)

'Flower Riot', Banksy

Los Angeles (2008), Banksy

Banksy is a pseudonymous England-based graffiti artist, political activist, film director and painter.His satirical street art and subversive epigrams combine irreverent dark humour with graffiti done in a distinctive stencilling technique. Such artistic works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges of cities throughout the world.^[1]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy

Banksy is known as an 'undergoround' artist, meaning most of his stenciled, print, airbrush, propaganda artwork was displayed on the streets of bristol. Most of his work included Grafitti. One of his works, "Flower riot" shows his ability in working well with stencils and colour. His ideas though are the more fascinating area. In this work, the subject looks dangerous, associated with crime and violence. created in a throwing stance, almost as if he's ready to throw a brick, molotov, possibly a grenade. Instead banksy has omitted that image from the work and our minds and has replaced it with a bunch of colorful flowers. This is an example of experimenting and playing around with images, that emphasise the philosophical movement, "Post-Modernity". Banksy's work clearly displays features of the Post-Modern era.

The work , "Los Angeles - 2008" is similar to Ai Weiwei's Coca-Cola urn. Bringing takeways to the artwork.It is a mixture of the past and present, displaying a form of history, evolution, how food has evolved very fast and humans are getting there or showing the different media that is present in our lives today.

REFERENCES LIST:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Weiwei
http://www.aiweiwei.com/
http://poulwebb.blogspot.com/2011/05/ai-weiwei.html
https://gordonlyew.wordpress.com/2011/06/27/the-release-of-chinese-human-rights-activists-is-not-good-enough/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy

Natalie Djuberg's Claymations

1. What do you understand by the word 'claymation'?

To me, "Claymation" can be a series of still pictures of clay models that are played at high speed to give the illusion of a moving object. Constantly taking shots of the clay models slightly altered to immitate human-like movement and then playing them back at speed to show movement without having to physically move it as a whole. "Claymation is the generalized term for clay animation, a form of stop animation using clay". (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-claymation.htm). Claymation is used in a lot of media, particularly movies,such as ‘Coraline’ directed by Henry Selick and Nick Park’s ‘Wallace and Gromit’. These demonstrate exactly what claymation can do, creating objects or characters from clay or mouldable material and using methods to make them move as an animation.

2. What is meant by the term 'surrealistic Garden of Eden'? and 'all that is natural goes awry'?

Djuberg's work display's the dream side or the unreal side. For example, "The Garden of Eden", is known as the setting of Adam and Eve, The first people that God had created.Desribed as a beautiful place, lush green grass, blue skies, immaculate landscape, perfect flowers, a happy environment. Natural landscape. With Djuberg's twist on the story, she has completely gone opposite with the story and instead of the bright, happy, natural environment and people, she's created a very dark and sinister world. With the characters also showing their sinister way's. The landscape and flowers in particular are out of proportion. It is a disturbing twist to the original story, showing surrealism and the awry/ twist in the story.

3. What are the 'complexity of emotions' that Djurberg confronts us with?

First of all most would find it disturbing, such as I, it's very surreal, and dark, not my type of art, most of the time :P.. But also, some would see it as a very different form of art and be interested. Most would find this dark fantasy amusing, as it is unacceptable in society but, there could those who are curious and would be confused, toying with emotions and perceptions of right and wrong. "Through minutely composed sequences of stop motion animations, Djuberg toys with society's perceptions of right and wrong, exposing our own innate fears of what we do not understand and illustrating the complexity that arises when we are confronted with these with these emotions"(Regine,2009). Her confidence in displaying such work also contributes to the mixed emotions her work can cause amongst audience.

4. How does Djurberg" play with the ideas of children's stories, and innocence in some of her work?

Djurbergs stop-motion animations are hand-modeled plasticine puppets. They remind me of TV programmes that I watched when I was a kid. Djurberg's stories are similar to traditional folktales and old childrens book stories such as little red riding hood. They deal with archetypical themes and involve traditional roles as the good and the bad. The films also have magical characters e.g. a wolf, a bear , a tiger, a evil reptile. In comparison to fairytales strange and magical things happen in Djurberg's films also; animals talk, and humans fly.

5. There is a current fascination by some designers with turning the innocent and sweet into something disturbing. Why do you think this has come about?

This new fascination of turning the innocent and sweet to something disturbing/ Good gone bad, can attract a more interested audience. Because of the unlikely change and the "forbidden" thoughts displayed in public it can attract more because of its abscence and uncommon appearance. The attention that Djubergs work gets is great. More acknowledgement because it's a different view, therefore more reason and reinforcement of the idea of following this new fascination and emphasisng more upon it.

6. In your opinion, why do you think Djurberg's work is so interesting that it was chosen for the Venice Biennale?

To me, I reckon it was the very different ideas that she had implied in her work. Also how the work as a whole is very different to th norm. e.g paintings, sculpture, abstract art. Her twisted ideas are clearly shown and the confidence she has to be able to display such weird,disturbing, sinister, dark, work is amusing. The workrate also of producing claymation also couldve contributed towards her work chosen for the Venice Biennale.

7. Add some of your own personal comments on her work.

I found Djuberg's work a little provocative and controversial because I dont really like twisted and dark work. But, I do appreciate her courage to bring forth those ideas, with no fear. I admire her hardwork too, as in the claymation and the time it mustve taken to complete. She is a great artist, but to me the sinister ideas are hard for me to adapt to. All in all I like her hardwork and effort because it looked complex and it did affect me mentally for e.g. , mixed emotions, and that itself is very amusing .

REFERENCES LIST:
(http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-claymation.htm)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Djurberg
http://hammer.ucla.edu/residencies/detail/residency_id/6
http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/10/view/6886/nathalie-djurberg-experiment-at-venice-art-biennale-09.html

Industrialization, Modernism and Architecture

Eiffel Tower and the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao have both been described as significant
architectural constructions of their time. The Eiffel Tower has been described as;
'a symbol of technological prowess' (www.tour- eiffel.com/)
and the Guggenheim museum has been 'hailed as the most important structure of its time'
( www. guggenheim.org/bilbao )
Research both architectural structures in order to comment on;
-the importance of the design and construction
-significance of the materials
-significance of the designer
-function for which each was built
-function now-has it changed?
Compare the two architectural structures, by noting their similarities and differences.

THE EIFFEL TOWER:

The Eiffel Tower was criticised for its daring shape and design. People were unsure of whether it was safe enough to be amongst the public , covering a large area of space. The Metals Used are very important to the durability of the tower and shows how clever the designer was when trying to preserve it for as long as possible.

The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, , nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is a puddle iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris[10] and the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.
The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. Upon its completion, it surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930; however, due to the addition in 1957 of the antenna, the tower is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France after the 2004 Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower

The tower was much criticised by the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore. Newspapers of the day were filled with angry letters from the arts community of Paris. One is quoted extensively in William Watson's US Government Printing Office publication of 1892 Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture: "And during twenty years we shall see, stretching over the entire city, still thrilling with the genius of so many centuries, we shall see stretching out like a black blot the odious shadow of the odious column built up of riveted iron plates."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923; French pronunciation: [efɛl], English: /ˈaɪfəl/) was a French structural engineer from the École Centrale Paris, an architect, an entrepreneur and a specialist of metallic structures. He is acclaimed for designing the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built 1887–1889 for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France. Notable among his other works is the armature for the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, United States. Gustave Eiffel was significant because of his knowledge with metallic structures.

http://www.atkielski.com/main/EiffelTowerFAQ.html

It is widely believed that the Eiffel Tower is made of steel, but this is incorrect. The Eiffel Tower is built of pure iron.
Steel has existed for thousands of years, but methods for producing it in large quantities didn't exist until the middle nineteenth century—only a few decades before the Eiffel Tower was built in 1889. Gustave Eiffel was an expert in the engineering use of structural iron and knew exactly what it could and could not do, whereas steel was still a bit newfangled for structural use. For a project as important and prestigious as the Eiffel Tower, he decided to take no chances, and so he built it of puddled iron, a type of traditional wrought iron, prepared in a special way in a special furnace, so that the iron is made very pure and strong. You can learn more about how puddled iron is made from this Wikipedia article. Puddled iron was common in Eiffel's day, but it has been replaced by steel in modern times.
The proof that Eiffel knew what he was doing is that the tower is still standing and in superb shape. Even in 1999, when a massive windstorm did considerable damage to a number of Paris monuments, the 100+ mph winds of the storm didn't hurt the tower at all. Additionally, the tower is designed so that individual parts can be replaced if they wear out.

The Eiffel Tower has had minor changes to it, for eg. recently steel being added to its structure, reinforcements.

http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0213201/Eiffel%20tower.htm

* The Eiffel tower has been painted 6 different colors in its history. All of the different colors were shades of brown. It takes 50 tons of paint to paint the Eiffel tower.
*A total of 50 engineers made 5300 blueprints. 121 workers worked at the construction site to build it.

The Eiffel Tower was man-made.

THE GUGGEINHEIM MUSEUM

The Guggenheim Museum is known to many as the best structure built of it's time. It surpasses some of the more modern building designs in terms of its complexity and aesthetics.

The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern and contemporary art designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, built by Ferrovial[3] and located in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. It is built alongside the Nervion River, which runs through the city of Bilbao to the Atlantic Coast. The Guggenheim is one of several museums belonging to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. The museum features permanent and visiting exhibits of works by Spanish and international artists.
One of the most admired works of contemporary architecture, the building has been hailed as a "single moment in the architectural culture" because it represents "one of those rare moments when critics, academics, and the general public were all completely united about something."[4] The museum was the building most frequently named as one of the most important works completed since 1980 in the 2010 World Architecture Survey among architecture experts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao

Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank[1] Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929) is a Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning architect based in Los Angeles, California.
His buildings, including his private residence, have become tourist attractions. His works are often cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry

The museum is constructed of a complex steel frame with sinuous stone, glass and titanium orthogonal and organic volumes.
The titanium cladding used is half a millimeter thick, each piece is unique and has been designed with the aid of a state-of-the-art 3D design computer programme. The volumes are linked by glass curtain walls for light transparency.
In some of the more curvacious and irregular exhibition spaces within the museum the floor is constructed of cement with curved and twisted walls.
Before Gehry chose to use titanium sheathing, 29 different materials including stainless steel, copper and aluminium were considered for use.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_materials_were_used_to_build_the_Guggenheim_museum_Bilbao

The Museum hasn't changed a lot in structure from its original form built in the 1980's, but changes only occur to the content inside the museum, holding a wide variety of artwork.

BOTH STRUCTURES:

These two buildings have been considered the best structures of their time. They both uphold a great reputation, but are very different in the views of many. Although they're both visually stunning and entertaining, they both have their own unique qualities that make the difference. The Eiffel Tower represents a solid structural design, man-made through a lot of hard work, it is an iconic building itself because of its popularity around the world featured in a range of media. The public , and tourists are also attracted to the design, which also goes for the Guggenheim Musuem. Its beauty and complex design capture the wandering eyes. It is simply a work of art in large scale proportion. A more artistic feel can be found within this building, and appeals to many. One building is a more Strong,Structural design, whilst the other is more appealing to the eyes. These structures have their differences but of course, they are the best of their time!, theyre both outstanding and bring people together in some way.

Landscape and Sublime

1. What and when was the Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (or just the Enlightenment) was also known as the Age of Reason

It had emerged in the 18th century from all across Europe. Before the set of ideas which Enlighenment was formed out of, were known amongst the people, The world was seen with fear and superstition. The Enlightment, which is more of a set of ideas rather than values, had given the idea to people to explore the world with reason. They believed that human reason could combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny, and that they could build a better world. Their principle targets were religion and the domination of society by a hereditiary aristocracy.

People who were influenced by the Enlightenment would analyse the depth of society rules and the government law,therefore by doing so, also rejecting religion church authority and others.

2. Define the concept of the Sublime.

The concept of the Sublime is quite similar to the enlightenment and humanism. Focusing on human beings and their own thoughts.

The Sublime is the quality of greatness in many ways, that is beyond calculation, measurement or imitation. Human thoughts or beliefs that exceed human capabilities, mystical,or fantasy. It could also be ones belief of themselves as a superhuman, more to themselves than what others perceive of them. The sublime also means "uplifted" or "high in place". It emerged in the 18th century.

3. How did the concept of the Sublime come out of the Enlightenment thought?

The sublime concept was one of the set of ideas that came out of the Enlightenment. In the age of the Enlightment, people accepted the new ideas that had come forth, but before the Enlightenment was introduced, people were close minded, with limited thinking would only see the ideas of the church and government leaders. The Sublime concept was clear to people as they became openmided and accepted the new ideas that arose, such as life after death, if there was a heaven or hell, that science couldn't answer everything. So they believed it was normal to see themselves as something or someone of great capablitiy because there was no fear or superstition that was a barrier in their decision to do so.

4. Discuss the subject matter, and aesthetic (look) of Misrach's work to identify the Sublime in his work. Add some more images of his work.

Misrach is known for his beautiful photography work on lanscapes.In his work we see an isolation of a very small number of people e.g 2 or maybe 1, in a large stretch of beautiful land.It's almost like he attempts to make us feel relaxed with our focus mainly on the landscape, but also the peace that we feel when there is not a lot going on in the work. Although the people are there, it doesn't take away the beauty and serenity. He makes everything work. Misrach makes us appreciate the uniqueness of nature, and how it doesn't need to be altered for it to be beautiful, which supports the concept of the Sublime.The use of people in an almost unlimited stretch of land could possibly support the sublime concept aswell. He has managed to incorporate the sublime concept in most of his work. Emphasizing the theme of nature.

- Swimmers Pyramid Lake, Indian Reservation, Nevada 1987-1983

Richard Misrach

Pyramid Lake,(1991) Richard Misrach

5. Identify some other artists or designers that work with ideas around the Sublime, from the Enlightenment era as well as contemporary artists.

ENLIGHTENMENT ERA:

Moonrise over the sea (1822)

Caspar David Friedrich

A Bridge near mont Grimsel (n.d)

William Pars (1742-1782)

CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS

Salvador Dali - Persistance of Memory (1931)

Salvador Dali has used the Sublime concept in most of his paintings, his dream-like, fantasy, mystical style of painting supports the sublime concept, and present in this painting, he has made the clocks in there floppy, and out of place. Therefore keeping to his style of work, and also going along with the sublime.

Jimmy Hendrix (1970)

Abdul Mati klarwein

This painting emphasises on human and landscape combined. Placing the head of legendary guitarist Jimmy Hendrix amongst a bundle of long grass, also exaggerating on the length of his hair and colour. The background with what seems to be horseriders wielding swords creates a story.Klarwein has stuck to the sublime and humanism theme in most of his work, always making human beings his subjects.

6. How does Misrach's photography make you feel? Does it appeal to your imagination?

When I first took a glimpse of Misrach's work it didnt really get to me until I took my time examining it. I feel very relaxed looking at the majority of his work, because they're done in peaceful environments. His use of the landscapes and angles capture the natural beauty, creating a scene that Ill never forget.

It appeals to me that he had used people in some of his work, which could sometimes be a risk in terms of affecting how people percieve it, for e.g, Most of the damage that is inflicted upon large scales of land is from man-made machinery (cars,buildings etc) all producing Co2. Therefore negative views towards his work is a possibility, But, not the way I see it. I think his use of the sublime concept, including people to his work has made his photography work a beautiful combination.


Aurora (2000) unknown

REFERENCES:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment

http://www.edelmangallery.com/misrach.htm

http://www.mocp.org/collections/permanent/misrach_richard.php

http://www.viewgoodsimages.com/books/moonrise-over-the-sea.html

http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/William-Pars/Bridge-Near-Mount-Grimsel-1770.html

http://www.imageof.net/wallpaper/The-Persistence-of-Memory-Salvador-Dali/

http://leohartshorn.blogspot.com/2010/08/abdul-mati-klarwein-visionary.html

The Social Status of the Artist

1. Identify aspects of Durer's self portrait that show a changing view of the artist's view of himself as an individual

A change has taken place as the years progress. From the great Renaissance period where artists were commissioned to paint for others and now with the concept or movement of individualism introduced, artists would become the subjects of their own work. They would present their own style,more self-portraits painted, express their own feeling to their work. Implying the idea of individuality and uniqueness. In Durer's self-portrait, he has created a close resemblance to Jesus Christ. He has created a solid like pose, making him look as glorious as Jesus. He transfigured himself to being someone as popular and highly respected to many. Durer has also painted his right hand close to his brown fur coat, looks as if he is trying to keep it together, doesn't want to reveal what is underneath. Possibly a sign that he is a quiet, conservative person. And would show his true-self to only those he would know. The Brown fur coat he is wearing could also indicate wealth. This painting almost suggest's that he is Christ, or someone with a lot of power over others.I suppose showing egotism, and emphasizing himself as and individual a lot more.

2. Explain how the artist's social status increased during the Renaissance period. Briefly explain why this happened.


Albrecht Durer is known as one of the greatest artists or arguably th greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance. Durer's print work (woodcut e.t.c) established his reputation across the whole of Europe when he was still in his twenties.
His printings and engravings were very impressive, many admire the detail in his work and his imagination. Artists at that time such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Giovani Bellini were a big influence in his style. Although Durer had his own distinctive style, during his two visits to Italy, he had embraced the Venetian style. It was also his crucial visit to Italy that he'd become widely recognized by many as a 'great'. The style that he'd been taught , mostly by his father in Germany was sometimes incorporated into his work along with the italian influences. e.g engravings, woodcut prints with his imaginative drawing skill. He climbed the social ladder very fast as he made a switch back into painting when he visited Italy the second time. With his passion for studying human proportion and anatomy, he painted his most celebrated works which include , Adam and Eve ( 1507) and The Martydom of the Ten-Thousand (1508).
Albrecht Durer fascinated a lot of people during his era, therefore his popularity and climb up the social ladder, shot up fast, making him known to all. He had a good reputation, gained only from pure hard work and talent.

3. Comment on Gavin Turk's work in relation to individualism, status of the artist and egotism.

Gavin Turk has displayed only his full name in his work, "Knob" (1997). Which is enough to support individualism. He has simply written out his name, suggesting that his social status is high and respected, therefore he needs not to exaggerate more on what he has already produced in this work but write his name with a little variation of colour. It is related to egotism also, because he has emphasised on his own name..and only his name, whereas the when an audience view this, they would be surprised, but also impressed, because of the confidence of the artist to only produce his name in the work and nothing visually outstanding.

4. Comment on Damien Hirst's use of his work and the media for self promotion.

Damien Hirst has totally put himself into this work, and he has also included a loved one, his partner, Maia Norman, also fashion designer and band manager. He has shown his individuality by including himslef and his partner in the photo, but also showing off his design of coloured dots on white in the background through his wife's clothing. He has used the opportunity to avertise his work through his popular wife and himself as a well known artist.

5. Find 2 images of work by artists or designers that reflects some of the ideas of individualism, self promotion or egotism that have been discussed on this blog. Upload images to your blog, title and date the work, identify the artist/designer and comment on the work in relation to the question.

Damien Hirst-'X Supreme Skateboard Decks ( 2009) 30 march

In this work Damien Hirst has once again shown himself off with the use of one of his painting technique's, 'colour spinning' or splatting. He has also decided to use skateboards, which relate to a younger audience, teenangers I suppose, and has extended his variety of audiences by doing so. He shows egotism by using skateboards as the platform of his multi-coloured work , which is not relevant to him as an artist because it's something a more athletic person would use, making it look like he is a skateboarder', possibly showing that he emphasized on a dream of his.
He has shown his individualism in this work by including one of his well-known styles of painting, and has used the skateboards to advertise his work not only to older crowds but the younger generation, who would appreciate this work.

Albrecht Durer - Self Portrait 1498, age 26

In this painting, Albrecht Durer has made himself the main subject, an individual. Although the landscape in the background portrays the idea of open space or freedom, no limits to his aspirations, It doesn't take the focus of the audience away from the individual. He has given himself a light shade of clothing in the front and the dark brown fabric in the back half of his body. His clothing looks of wealthy materials, conveying the idea of wealth. The painting is all about him, he has made sure that we see it that way,his use of colours, tone, detail has portrayed his image as the only one there. He has displayed his social status through this painting, looking as if he had already built up a good reputation at the time. Durer has displayed individualism as the main concept behind his painting.

6. How do you think artists and designers are viewed in Western society today?

I believe artists are sometimes still viewed the same way as they were during the Renaissance era. Audiences are more focused on the visual side of the art, but not the meaning. The social status of an artist is crucial to others because of their high expectations. Artists are influenced by other artists, Designers are faced with the challenge of gaining a high reputation because of the many competitive industries. Therefore only a slight change of view in the modern society, which is the viewing of the artist work is more open and available to public via galleries, giving people more time to examine the work and figure out the meaning behind its visual beauty, Designers are able to advrtise their work through many sources, but most popular would be models.

I think artists and designers are viewed as the pioneers of the new trend in everything.

The trendsetters, they raise the bar.

7. Comment on the blogs of other students.

8. Reference the websites and/or books you have used, at the end of your blog

http://yearinart.blogspot.com/2010/05/day-129-self-potrait-at-26-1498.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Hirst
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer
http://www.stompandflow.com/2009/08/12/damien-hirst-skateboardhttp

://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/arth200/artist/durer_intro.html

Barbara Kruger and Mercantillism

"We have recieved orders not to move" - Barbara Kruger 1982

. Describe the 'style' that Kruger has used in the two presented works. It is evident that in both of her work's presented here are good examples of experimenting with imagery and media. Kruger likes to portray the poster look in most of her work, and juxtaposes text and images to display the power of imagery and it's effect towards the audience, e.g the audience may interpret her work as advertising material or propaganda.I think Barbara Kruger's style isn't really distinct, because of the commonly used fonts and colours in most of her work, but how she composes all of the different media, images and texts is very well-done and connects with the audience. The clever messages that she includes into her work's strengthen the connection between the viewer and the artwork.I would describe Barbara Kruger's "style" as bold and poster-like, using her gender and the stereotypes that come from being a "female" to express herself in her artwork. In one of her works it feature's a woman pinned on a wall with the text, "We have recieved orders not to move," (1982) which could be read as a stereotype because of the mentality that men are dominant and woman are conquerable,easy and passive.

2. What are some of the concepts and messages that Kruger is communicating in them?

In the first image, " I shop therfore I am", (1987), it shows a hand ,holding a card with the text, "I shop therefore I am-", printed in bold san-serif leters,which I think connects with the audience really well. The fact that she has left the sentence incomplete suggests that we try to figure out what word fits into the sentence.

I think I have a fair idea of what word would match, although it could be anything, I still reckon there is an actual answer. Judging by the majority of work that kruger has produced and the consistency of themes or ideas shes portrayed in her work's, one that stood for me was her sensivity and focus mainly on gender and stereotypes.She has a lot of work that refer to woman. So I believe that this piece is another contribution to her collection of female power or dominance theme. In conclusion to my search for the right answer, if there is one, would be- I shop therefore I am.. a woman?.

The second image, "Face it(green)" (2007), is quite an eye opener. The bold text both at the top and bottom of the piece is appealing.The whole text reads, "Face it!" and then a subheading in smaller text, "This luxurious garment won't make you rich or famous".The concept of female stereotypes comes to mind, the text goes well with an image of a shiny garment that reflects glamour and fame.I think her ideas that revolve around the female gender are clearly displayed here, because of the similarities that her work share's with female characteristic's in real life, for e.g, the concept of shopping for clothes comes to mind, the concept of fashion, style and famous brands could be relevant. It shows that in both of her works she has a consistent theme that is recognizable and well-read.Her messages in regards to stereotypical thinking towards the female specimen is powerful .

3. Do these images communicate these ideas effectively? Explain your answer.

Yes. It is not only these two pieces that she has communicated these particular ideas and messages, but also her constant use of similar ideas in her other works. The idea of females and stereotypes surrounding them is a key idea amongst the majority of kruger's work. The use of female images in her works and texts that show meaning that is close to a real woman's feelings and characteristics displays her main focus on this concept and its importance to her. She has used her poster's as an extension of her emotions, lashing out on her poster's about what she believes in. The messages are clear for most people to interpret because they are present in most of her other work's.It helps to reinforce the fact that Barbara Kruger is most likely to portray this particular idea in most of her upcoming artwork's.

4. Define the concept of Mercantillism and explain how these two examples can connect with the concept.

Mercantilism is the theory that states that a nation's power is based on its wealth (capital) compared to other nations. This requires the accumulation of valuable commodities, and a balance of trade that favors exports over imports.( Wikianswers.com n.d para 1) or, it was the policy that a nation sought to export more than imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver (answers.com n.d).

The two artworks presented by Barbara Kruger displays content that would be beneficial in the mercantillism concept/theory. Her ideas behind the work, such as female dominance or mistreatment and stereotypical quotations would be quite appealing to a female audience. Because of the period that the mercantillism theory was created, 17th-18th centuries, Europe, Males would've been more dominant in the buisness, therefore if a female was to view artworks similar to the modern Barbara Kruger, it would be like a sin, or rebelious because of the content that kruger offers to support equality in both gender's. Barbara kruger's two artwork's displayed here convey the feminist views, thus her works would be favoured mostly by females. If there were more works like this produced in the Renaissance era, a lot of money could've been made in countries because not only are the powerul and wealthy men investing in Art, females would've felt a comfort to purchase work's that were suited to them.(not just paintings of wealthy men).

5. Upload a more recent example of Kruger's work where she has used a new medium, that is not graphic design. Title your image of the chosen work and comment on your response to the work. How do you think the audience would experience this work?

Chessboard-Barbara Kruger


The Chessboard made by Barbara Kruger in a machine shop, is made out of a 'marble-like' material called corian. Each chess piece has the ability to talk interactively when players make their move.
The fact that this work is very different from her 2-D grapic design style, makes it more interesting to the audience. Another factor that makes this work more interesting and fun is the interactivity that it allows with the audience. A chance to actually touch the work, a "hands-on" experience. With the chess pieces having the ability to speak with every movement is also supportive of the great experience idea. Although the design is 3-D it still displays the Barbara Kruger trait's, some of which include the 'no-fear', powerful, aggressive quote's, but also the colours, Red,Black and white.

I think the audience would admire this work because of the complex engineering that has taken place in order for the whole electronic chessboard to become interactive with the human touch. I also feel that they would find it easy to accept as a Barbara Kruger design because of the similitaries its visual and aesthetic design has with her 2-D works. Its a beautifully constructed artwork, which I know many will love.

REFERENCES:

http://wiki.answers.com/

http://www.google.co.nz/imgres?imgurl=http://www.art-lesson-plans.com/image-files/bkruger_not_move.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.art-lesson-plans.com/barbara-kruger-lesson.html&usg=__8szwCMu2sJ0kl1jQx-TicTmx8ps=&h=275&w=198&sz=29&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=gBPXYyvYurfHHM:&tbnh=165&tbnw=119&ei=HdjmTcvZKoPSsAPA2emuCw&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dbarbara%2Bkruger%2Bwe%2Bhave%2Breceived%2Bor%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3Djwb%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26biw%3D1081%26bih%3D802%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=161&vpy=148&dur=449&hovh=210&hovw=151&tx=90&ty=105&page=1&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0